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W.E.B. Dubois His Vision For Freedom Essay - 882 Words

African Americans during the 1900s lived lives full of uncertainty. They were no longer slaves, but still looked upon by many as inferior to the white race. However in this period of tension, there were men who sought to bring their race to new heights. One of these men was W.E.B Du Bois. Few have influenced the lives of African Americans in such a way as W.E.B Du Bois. The vision he had for African Americans was one that many found great hope in. He sought for the day that his race for finally have civil equality in every aspect of life. In the time of Du Bois, African Americans may have been considered free but still lacked many civil liberties, that the whites were easily granted. One of the biggest civil liberties they lacked was†¦show more content†¦If they spoke out long enough then the whites wold eventually have to change their beliefs and let the African American people have their voice in politics. Including the right to vote, Du Bois also hoped that his people wou ld one day be able to achieve equality in education. To Du Bois â€Å"education [was] the development of power and ideal† (Niagara Movement 2). If African Americans could not reach this they would never be seen in the eyes of the whites as equal. He wanted his people to been seen as bright and capable. He refused the idea that little black boys and girls should be trained as nothing more than servants. African Americans deserved to get a real education yes, â€Å"[they were] workers, but work [was] not necessarily education† (Niagara Movement 2). To Du Bois education meant more than having the skill to work as a laborer it meant his race would have a brighter future ahead of them. They could take what they had learned in school and with it would be able to gain jobs, and a relatively satisfying living, they would be seen as more alike to the whites, they after all had the â€Å"right to know, to think, to aspire† (Niagara Movement 2). Without an education black s were merely playing into the stereotype they had been cast. An education could change this they would no longer be seen as criminals. As Du Bois points out that out ofShow MoreRelatedThe Negro And Signs Of Civilization1188 Words   |  5 Pageswar era. W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington are considered by historians, two of the prominent leaders of the black community in the late 19th and early 20th century who sought inclusion and equality through social and economic progress. While their end goals were the same, the means in which they utilized their platforms and their philosophy on how best to accomplish this varied. Among other accomplishments, DuBois’ efforts in the civil rights agenda to the founding of the NAACP. DuBois advocatedRead MoreW. E. Duboiss Niagara Movement1193 Words   |  5 PagesW.E.B DuBois, a well known civil liberties advocate, in his speech, Niagara Movement, illuminates the need for racial equality in America. DuBois’ purpose is to cal l white Americans to action, as well as highlight the effects of the African American’s white superiors excluding them from simple, constitutionally given, liberties. He adopts an authoritative tone in order to establish a feeling of guilt for the white people who determine the rights given to African-Americans. W.E.B DuBois convincesRead MoreGreatness-Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Dubois2413 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"Great people often receive violent opposition from violent minds† Albert Einstein This quote typifies the conditions in which both Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois were challenged with. Not only were they two exemplary examples of African American greatness, but they proved themselves to be two of the greatest leaders of the early twentieth century regardless of race. However, as Aristotle once said â€Å"people fear what they don’t understand, and hate what they can’t conquer† thus steps wereRead MoreKarl Marx s The Soul Of Black Folks 947 Words   |  4 Pagesclass struggle. His main focuses were capitalism, exploitation, and alienation. On the other hand, W.E. B. Du Bois did not stratify race, class and nation as a personal characteristic but as social hierarchies that formed Blacks access to position, poverty, and authority. W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963) was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He was the first African American to earn a doctorate at Harvard University, and he focused on history, civil rights, and sociology. In 1909, Dubois was a founderRead MoreEssay on William E.B. Dubois1164 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam E.B. Dubois William Edward Burghardt DuBois was born in 1868, two years after slavery was abolished, in Great Barrington, MA. Born a free man in the North, during the dawn of the twentieth century, W.E.B. DuBois was able to receive an extensive education. Throughout his life he grew more and more cognizant of the politics, education, religion, and economics that shaped the American system and separated the peoples that lived there. Although he was granted the fortune of education andRead MoreHow The Veil And Double Consciousness Theory1590 Words   |  7 PagesHow does the contributions of W.E.B Dubois fit into the world today? In order to dive into this topic we can follow the works of social theorist W.E.B. Dubois and the effect they may have on black athletes. Dubois introduced the world to sociological theories such as the veil and double consciousness. In this analysis, I will provide examples of how the Veil and Double Consciousness theories contribute to today’s society by observi ng professional black athletes. Dubois understood what it meant to beRead MoreWilliam Edward Burghardt. B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey And Malcolm X2370 Words   |  10 Pagesand the process of dehumanization was being reversed. W.E.B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey and Malcolm X were a few of the candidates that advocated for the Pan-African movement. William Edward Burghardt (W.E.B.) Dubois was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts in 1868. As a child, he did not have much experience with racism. He completed high school at the young age of 16 and went on to attend Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee where Dubois experienced racism and segregation for the first time.Read MoreRhetorical Analysis of Dubois1642 Words   |  7 PagesInspiring the Population Through his work, â€Å"Of Our Spiritual Strivings,† W.E.B. Dubois takes the reader on a journey through the typical black man’s eyes. He creates a new meaning of the African American man as he shares personal experiences and stories of the past alike. He plays upon the heart strings of every reader, no matter the race, with his literary knowledge of words, use of pathos, and stories of his past experience to pull in emotional ties to his work. The application of dualism allowsRead MorePan Africanism1731 Words   |  7 Pagesduring his undergraduate studies in Britain with coining the phrase Pan-Africanism   W.E.B. Du Bois One of the most celebrated and popular advocates for Pan Africanism in the United Sates was W.E.B. Du Bois, whom played a pivotal role in the Pan-African Conference of 1900.   Du Bois a very articulate and renowned prolific writer had the vision of educating blacks about the hopeless conditions of the black world and to protest against white exploitation of the black people.  DuBois objectedRead MoreThe Black Man and Langston Hughes1601 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica. Color which is inherent in the concept of self, manifest in race consciousness. This is extremely significant because an African American establishes his identity with other individuals, known or unknown, on the basis of a similarity of color and features, that allowing the individual to be included in groups membership, â€Å"the subject of his self identity.† After the African Americans began to search for their identity looking through heritage, tradition, and folk traditions. Langston Hughes

The Harlem Renaissance is a convenient metaphor Free Essays

The Harlem Renaissance is a convenient metaphor for the artistic and intellectual explosion that took place during the sass and sass. Discuss. By Tanya Monkish-Benefit Kerr The Harlem Renaissance remains one of the most momentous creative movements in American history, exceeding its original importance to one specific interest group and hence cannot be looked upon simply as a convenient metaphor. We will write a custom essay sample on The Harlem Renaissance is a convenient metaphor or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will show that in addition to the eruption of creativity, the Harlem Renaissance should be acknowledged for its significant contribution to changing the self-perception of the Negro in America in such a positive and significant way that eventually transformed the Harlem Renaissance into the Civil Rights Movement of the sass’s and changed the identity of America forever. The renaissance served to create a perception of distinctiveness among African Americans, at the same time, compelling white America to acknowledge the significance of an ethnic group far too long seen as inferior. The Harlem Renaissance may be defined as an eruption of creativity overflowing from the gifted minds of African-Americans between the sass and sass; though in truth, it was the center of focus for the ratification and plasticization of a marginalia populace as much as it was an artistic movement. Even though mostly considered an African-American literary movement, the Harlem Renaissance stretched far beyond books and poetry to embrace art, dance, and music. The creative minds of blacks behind the Harlem Renaissance used creative expression to make an important impact on all aspects of society, while at the same time providing African-Americans with their first sense of distinctiveness not defined by slavery. Embracing creative arts, individuals sought to re-conceptualize â€Å"the Negro’ apart from the white stereotypes that had influenced black peoples’ relationship to their culture and to one another. They also sought to break free of Victorian ethical values and conformist shame about aspects of their lives that might strengthen racist opinions by whites. Never controlled by a specific school of thought but rather characterized by powerful debates, this movement laid the foundation for all later African American literature and had a huge influence on succeeding black literature and consciousness internationally. While the Harlem Renaissance was certainly not restricted to New York City, Harlem enticed a significant concentration of intellect and talent; therefore, it served as the symbolic capital of cultural development. During the 20th century, approximately six million African-Americans escaped the remunerative hardships and harsh segregationist laws of the South and migrated northward to metropolises in an effort to obtain Jobs and economic stability as well as searching for a more racially open-minded society. Winter estimated that 175,000 of these African-Americans settled in New York City. To attach an unambiguous commencement to the Harlem Renaissance by singling out one precise text can only serve to spark debates since black authors had been published since the 19th century; however, the difference that makes the Harlem Renaissance effortlessly definable as a defining moment was the range of issues that black writers covered as its onset. The true origin of this Renaissance is not in any single work that sparked a revolution, but in the various and multiple congregations of mutual interests by those yearning to showcase the remarkable surge of creativeness via the publication of literary magazines and books. Crucial to the movement were Gaines such as the Crisis, published by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); Opportunity, published by the National Urban League; and The Messenger, a socialist Journal eventually connected with the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a black labor union. These groups attracted many Negro intellectuals who were particularly upset with the rise in violence against blacks in the United States; therefore, theses organization became the driving force for changing the status quo of the Negro. This mutual need to help one another was a primeval component in changing the movement from a purely literary dominant into one that incorporated all fine arts; it also played an important role in turning the Harlem Renaissance into a search for a new identity for an ethnic group previously defined by centuries of oppression. Although the artists created vivacious and lasting works of literature, art and music, the Harlem Renaissance quickly became Just as important for the way in which it gave African-Americans a real culture and a pride in acknowledging and embracing that culture. Prior to this era, the representations of African-Americans in American literature were that of the illiterate and inferior peasant who made his or her living in the dirt of the cotton fields. The intellects contributed to the importance of the Harlem Renaissance by understanding and contributing to its purpose in creating positive role models for the Negro everywhere. One of the most important traits of the Harlem Renaissance is that teamwork was considered a better way to help individual works rather than to compete. An intuitive sense that any single artistic effort was going to define all others created an effort by everyone involved to create a cultural tapestry that served not Just other artists, but audiences as well. In reality, this cultural movement essentially created the idea of the black intellectual for both Americans and Europeans. Furthermore, the creation of the â€Å"New Negro† in Harlem represented the liberation of the last relics of chattel slavery, those of low esteem and even uncertainty and self-revulsion. Appraisers, however, query whether the Renaissance actually accomplished its goals of creating a new identity for the Negro separated from the history of slavery. One of the denunciations is that by trying to create a distinct culture detached from the past cruelties and even the influence of Anglo- European customs it succeeded only in alienation. A more powerful denunciation is that the Harlem Renaissance duplicated only the specific identity of the middle class, intelligent elites of an ethnic group trying to sway its background and views on a population still dominated by lower-class and illiterate people. Yet, another criticism is that the very goal of forging an identity for an entire ethnic group and socially enlightening them was utterly impractical because the vast numbers of African Americans were mostly oblivious of it or knew it only as history. The foundation of all eroticism of the Harlem Renaissance is that it encloses an inevitable element of two- fixedness in that it tried to produce a distinct identity that was centered primarily on the conformist beliefs indoctrinated by its intellectual and artistic leaders from a white society and educational system. In fact, the central theme that can be concluded from all of the criticism is that it tried to accomplish little more than a black representation of the white middle class establishment. What is not up for argument is the actual value of the artistic contributions of the era. James Weldon Johnson is an iconic figure in the initiation of the Harlem Renaissance both as writer and editor. He had written the contentious Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man and had also edited the book of American Negro Poetry. This collection showcased quite a few of the Renaissances most artistic poets, including Longboats Hughes, a man who became legendary in the literary world, Hughes possessed a passion for music and functioned as a medium by showcasing the importance of traditional black folk music. Zorn Neal Hurst published a literary magazine that collapsed almost immediately because of funding issues, but was influential nevertheless. Hurst later achieved immortality with her book Their Eyes were Watching God. Literature was not the only art that defined the Harlem Renaissance. In fact, the music of the era may have been more significant in defining the uniqueness of the common Negro than the literary accomplishments. The music became a channel of communication, while providing inspiration to the literary achievements of writers and dramatists. Jazz surged into the arena of respectability and became symbolic as the essence of the urban way of life. The first Jazz performers were Bessie Smith, Duke Elongating, Charlie Parker and Billie Holiday. Added to this, Longboats Hughes specifically set out to bridge the gap between music and literature by adding the rhythms of Jazz into his poetry while Claude McKay used the ambiance of Jazz in his novel, Home to Harlem. Harlem Renaissance, therefore, epitomizes an attempt to combine artistic channels to construct an identity of artistic expression which is often views as the apex of human creation. It is from this view point that the Renaissance can be propelled to being much more than a metaphor which speaks to comparison, but ether this makes the Renaissance an exemplary worthy of imitation. The visual arts were also a vital component in stimulating the notion of a universality of individuality among blacks during the Harlem Renaissance. Aaron Douglas was head of the Department of Art at Fish University, where he exercised substantial influence over up and coming artists. He truly embraced the status of being the most important visual artist during the glory days of Harlem Renaissance, focusing on large murals that brought to the fore the accomplishments of African-Americans all through history. Douglas showed one of the undercurrents that drove the Harlem Renaissance, which was calling attention to value and contributions of blacks to the advancement of America. Implicit in that goal was the even greater goal of spurring future generations to even greater accomplishments and pride in their culture. Surely, the most long-lasting effect of the Harlem Renaissance may have been the one which entrenched upon the education of African Americans. The innovative endeavor of Negroes proved that stereotype of black inferiority was null and void. The enlightening legacy of the Harlem Renaissance was not simply one in which more lacks saw the significance of education but it was one which saw an intensification in the importance and availability of high education. After the renaissance, more African Americans than ever, enrolled in colleges and universities. However, it was not Just the pursuit of education that the movement inspired; it was the type of education that African Americans obtained. Since the socio-political actualities of racism divided America either indirectly or openly in nearly every work of literature produced during this period, the Harlem Renaissance is acknowledged for generating militancy borne by that pursuit of knowledge. Anytime a people, who is exposed to an education system at a level they have been deprived of, it is only expected that certain quarters to identify the radical aspects of the denial of that education. Hence, there was a beginning of consciousness among African Americans across America that agreements made had not been kept from Reconstruction through World War I. The Renaissance essentially had the effect of deepening the sense of unfair discrimination by displaying how it could be achieved through much more indirect methods than chattel slavery or the Jim Crow Laws. A significant amount of the intellects of the movement urged that discrimination of this type be challenged and overcome. It could only be through education that the real issues African Americans met in a racially divided world could be dealt with, and as such the literature and art of this period forced black audiences to become to embrace education so that they could understand what they were reading or looking at. During the period of the Harlem Renaissance, African-Americans for the first time had an honest reason to experience pride and rejoice in their identity. Out of Harlem came works of literary, casual and fine arts that spoke of the contribution of their race and forced white supremacist groups to accept their contributions. In that moment in time, the entire world looked at Harlem as the future of artistic expression. The artistic works were grasped by scholars as a meaner of showcasing the idea that African-Americans no longer needed to classify themselves with a history of suppression and subsidiaries. The Harlem Renaissance produced novelists, poets, artists and musicians who are today considered some of the finest that America ever produced, regardless of the lour of one’s skin. That, in fact, may be the ultimate achievement of the Harlem Renaissance. After the tremendous flood of artistic accomplishments that crossed every medium available, these Negro men and women and the works they created could no longer be treated with the grudging respect of great African-American art. Today the finest books, poems, music and artwork are universally recognized as simply great American art. Thus, in addition to the burst of creativity in the artistic and intellectual explosion, the Harlem Renaissance should be recognized for its nutrition to changing the self-image of the Negro; a rise in self-esteem that would eventually transform into the Civil Rights Movement of the sass and changed the identity of America forever. Indeed it was not a convenient metaphor but a celebration of African American heritage and cultural expression that continues to have positive effects on the social, intellectual and economic stature of African Americans and the Diaspora. Bibliography 1. Bio True Story, Aaron Douglas Biography. 2. Houston Koala, Harlem. 3. Huggins Nathan, Harlem Renaissance (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971) . Kramer Victor and Robert Russ, Harlem Renaissance Re-Examined (New York: Whitish Publishing Company, 1997) 5. Rhodes Henry, Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. The Social Contribution of the Harlem Renaissance. 6. Achiest Duncan, Twelve Lives in Jazz. Http://www. Pit. Du/?defeater/Jazz/articles/ACHIEST. HTML 7. Sexton Timothy, The Harlem Renaissance: A Research Paper. 8. The Great Migration. Black History -History. Com. http://www. history. com/topics/black-history/great-migration 9. Thomas Terry, Afar-Cobra: A Black Revolutionary Arts Movement and Arts for People’s Sake. How to cite The Harlem Renaissance is a convenient metaphor, Papers

The Landlady Research free essay sample

Suspense in the landlady The landlady is a story, fenced in walls of suspense, uncertainty, and stereotypical innocence of an elderly woman, luring, lusting, over a young man, giving the story a seductive twist. Suspense is first ignited by Billy’s attraction to a sign printed on a bed and breakfast. Initially the style, in which the author writes , is suspicious, reading that, the words don’t role of your tongue, printed letters are usually associated with a warning. If this had been a romantic short story, he probably wouldn’t have done this; he would have done something more along the lines of ‘bed and breakfast’. Billy doesn’t recognise this with a great deal of significance. The reader however, is already very suspicious of the lady, therefore finds this much more significant, and then the landlady makes a remark, which caries some kind of seductive lure, ‘We have it all to ourselves’ She says; this I believe to is the trigger quote of seductiveness a string of lusting comments to come; this does not make the story sexy, it makes it sleazy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Landlady Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The way the ‘all’ is enthused adds a chill to the line. And the way the line sounds so possessive reflects her desire for Billy. This desire makes the reader feel very uneasy. An old woman, and a young man, in the era the story was written particularly, this was considered to be taboo. No one talked about it, its just something that sociologically didn’t belong, and is against modern ideological views. The reader now as fresh fears for Billy, and fresh suspicions of the landlady, we get the impression she is perverted. Usually, a young man could fend of such an peculiar obstacle, and such a situation could actually become comical, but this woman has already proven that she can get him unwillingly into her house, where else will this force lead him. With all these suspicions, and suspense the old lady has trailed, the reader has developed an overwhelming interest in the story at this stage. And becomes detective. The landlady has proven she embeds, despite her pleasant apparel, a sour twist of crude seductiveness. In the Landlady, the setting was Bath, England. Deal with fear and suspense by using various techniques to keep the reader in suspense. When the first paragraph of The Landlady begins, the ‘audience’ is made aware of the surroundings. Roald Dahl starts to create fright/anticipation by providing an in depth account into the background of the story. The account set, describes to the audience the atmosphere and gives us an insight into the kind of weather conditions within the scene. The audience is told â€Å"the air is deadly cold, and the wind as flat as a blade of ice cutting against his cheek†. This descriptive opening to the story suggests that Billy is in a hostile environment. By doing this the author is generating apprehension and expectancy. Billy Weaver is seventeen-years-old. He was wearing a new navy-blue overcoat, a new brown trilby hat, and a new brown suit. He walks briskly, as he has decided that â€Å"‘Briskness’ was the one common characteristic of all successful businessmen†. Billy is trying hard to become a businessman, because he knows that businessmen are successful. We also learn that he is gullible, weary, uncertain, and cautious and that he takes people at face value. We notice that Billy takes the landlady at face value when he says: â€Å"The old girl is slightly dotty, but at five and sixpence a night, who gives a damn about that? † We notice during the story that the landlady is quite peculiar. From the first sentence we notice that something isn’t quite right with her. When she opens the door, it seems as if she is expecting Billy to arrive. We know this through a number of different quotes: â€Å"But I’m always ready day and night in the house just on the off chance that an acceptable young gentleman will come along, and it is such a pleasure, my dear, such a very great pleasure when now and again I open the door and see someone standing there who is exactly right†, this is further enhanced by â€Å"I noticed that the bed covers were put back ready for someone to get into the bed†. These all suggest that the landlady is expecting Billy to arrive at the Bed nd Breakfast. These quotes also create anticipation because we wonder why she is so eager for him to stay. In the Landlady the conspiracy was to lure Billy into the house and to poison him with a preserving chemical, as we believe that she wants to preserve his body when he has died. Billy is described to be in a hostile environment. For Billy the hostile environment was a à ¢â‚¬ËœDeadly cold’ small town called Bath in England. Lured to their fate by a surreal sense of security, with Billy it was that he was staying in a Bed and Breakfast with the landlady.

Evil in Lord of the Flies Essay Example

Evil in Lord of the Flies Paper Evil is a description of something that causes harm, discomfort, repulsion and injury to another. The statement man produces evil as a bee produces honey Is relevant in the understanding of human nature. Bees produce honey as It is a natural Instinct and In that same way, humans produce evil. Humans only produce evil naturally and do not produce goodness. Lord of the Flies by William Gilding Is a clear representation of a group of boys regressing to their animal states because of the evil they produce naturally. Evil takes on many forms In this novel primarily though the need for power, the absence of rules and the Increasing distance from society. Through the uses of allegory, foreshadowing and symbolism Gilding states that evil Is a part of human nature as honey Is a part of a bees nature. One of the forms evil takes In this novel Is through power and corruption wealth Jack, contrasting with the leadership and direction Ralph provides. Jack and Ralph are the biggest boys on the island. Ralph is elected leader, which angers Jack. After being elected leader Ralph suggests in charge of the choir. They can be- what do you want them to be? Hunters- Ralph sets up to be a good leader as he takes into account the needs and desire of his group. Because of Jacks thirst for power, he starts persuading the others that Ralph is not a suitable leader so he can become Chief. He says, Who are you, anyway? Sitting there telling people what to do. You cant hunt, you cant sing- Im chief. I was chosen. Why should choosing make any difference? We will write a custom essay sample on Evil in Lord of the Flies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Evil in Lord of the Flies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Evil in Lord of the Flies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Just giving orders hat dont make sense- Gilding creates an allegory symbolizing Ralph as a democrat who is given power and Jack as an autocrat who takes power. Ralph became a true leader by taking responsibility for the survival and rescue of the boys. Jack, on the other hand, offers fun and meat to get his power but is willing to harm or kill to keep it. Jacks desire for power develops into evil actions against the other boys. When Jack is in power, he leads the brutal slaughter of a pig and then Simon. He fosters rebellion. He throws a spear at Ralph with full intention and later holds a group unit to kill him. Jack is plainly committing evil to show his authority. Since evil is an act that harms, Jack brings out the evil within himself and also the evil within his tribe. Another form evil takes is in Roger because of the absence of rules. Roger was tempted to throw the stones but because of the rules In England, he was taught that harming others was wrong. Through the civilization, Roger was taught how to condone his evil. Roger gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them. Yet there was a space around Henry Into which he dare not throw. Here Invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life. Through the absence of rules, Roger Is free to do what he wants. This means there wont be a Limitation of how he uses his evil. When Roger throws stones In the direction of the lotuses, he uses It to show he does not need to follow rules. As the novel progresses, Rorers evil Instincts take over and he forgets the existence of rules and proper behavior. The quote Roger, with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all his weight on the lever The rock struck Piggy a glancing blow from chin to knee, shows this. Right before Pigs death, he better, law and rescue, or hunting and breaking up things? By killing Piggy, the last reminder of the need for rules and civilized behavior is lost. The constant motif of rock throwing foreshadows the death of Piggy. To kill someone is the highest degree of committing evil. Roger is an example of how the boys reverted to their animal origins since the primal instinct of evil lead him to kill. Due to the increasing distance o society, the boys lose their morals and their human sense of what is right and become savages. A symbol in the novel that represents the boys need to recreate their civilization is the conch shell. The conch shell symbolizes the rule of law and civilization. Its used to call assemblies and acts as a microphone that grants the right to speak to whomever holds it during assembly. The conch is the one thing of the island which brought order and respect to the boy holding it. The destruction of the conch represents the obliteration of any order on the island. Once the conch was destroyed, the island was in chaos. Jack who has now completely regressed into a savage animal began screaming wildly, the conch is gone. Viciously He hurled his spear at Ralph. This shows they have forgotten about civilization and have turned savage. Savagery is another form of evil and is brought out because of the distance from civilization. Man produces evil Just as a bee produces honey. The thirst for power, the absence of rules and the distance from civilization are the sparks that trigger the inner evil within humans. Gilding uses a political allegory to compare the ways in which Ralph and Jack rule. Gilding foreshadows the untimely death of Piggy through the recurring theme of throwing rocks and finally he uses the symbol of the conch shell to signify that the rules are broken and the boys have forgotten where they came from and who they are. Lord of the Flies is a novel that is relevant to us since it teaches us that every man is born with evil and that the only way it can be slightly suppressed is by the rules of society. When there are no rules, evil emerges from humans.

A Study On The Informal Economy Social Policy Essay Essay Example

A Study On The Informal Economy Social Policy Essay Essay Example A Study On The Informal Economy Social Policy Essay Essay A Study On The Informal Economy Social Policy Essay Essay The informal economic system defined to include all economic units that are non regulated by the province and all economically active individuals who do non have societal protection through their work ( ILO 2002 ) , is as perennial and omnipresent as human society. Discourse on it nevertheless, came to visible radiation in the early 1970ss with assorted surveies in 3rd universe states. Notwithstanding its ineluctable nature, conceptualisation and definition has been a job for policy shapers every bit good as those within academe. Myriad arguments have come up on the issue with diverse positions and redresss: some position informal workers as a nuisance to be eliminated or regulated ; others see them as a vulnerable group to be assisted through societal policies ; still others view them as enterprisers to be freed from authorities ordinances ( Chen 2006:26 ) . But neither the theoretic ideas nor touchable thoughts have provided a comprehensive model on how to near planetary informality and the new challenges it pose to policy shapers. This essay critically examines the place of ILO influenced by the legalist position on formalising the informal economic system. Are at that place vested involvements in advancing the nice work docket? Is the nice work agenda simply a pretense behind which informality continues to run? Does the nice work attack take into history constructions and establishments? The essay will dig into the statement of who benefits in formalising the informal economic system acknowledging the fact that the informal caput porter pay day-to-day levies to the local authorities systems in Ghana but do non have any benefit. A outline on informal economic system and nice work docket will foremost be outlined and how this applies to the caput porter in Ghana. Finally, a decision will be drawn with some policy recommendations. Positions on Informality The informal economic system was foremost discovered in Africa in the early seventiess due to the laterality of big graduated table ego employed who do non fall within the formal economic system. Economic anthropologist Keith Hart coined the term in his series of surveies in Africa on the urban labor markets where he distinguished between pay earning and self employment. He emphasized on entrepreneurial dynamism and diverseness of people in the informal sector ( Hart 1990 ) . This led to the development of three schools of thought dualist, legalist and structuralist positions which all attempt to gestate, explicate and turn to the challenges of this complex phenomenon. The dualist posit the position that informal economic system is peripheral or fringy and result out of the inadequate occupations in the formal economic system and will withdraw with the development of the modern sector ( Hart 1973 ; ILO 1972 ; Sethuraman 1976 ; Tokman 1978 ) . The position therefore call for policy focal point on support for the informal economic system endeavors and workers in the signifier of credits and concern development services with the premise that the informal economic system will melt away with more formal occupations. The structuralists, nevertheless, suddenly refute the dualist attack and postulate that formal and informal economic systems are inextricably connected and mutualist the informal economic system continues to be because it is subordinated to the formal economic system and enables the formal economic system to cut down costs and increase net incomes ( Moser 1978 ; Castells and Portes 1989, Bromley 1994 ) . Hence policy focal point should be on changing the unequal relationship that exists. The legalist attack spearheaded by De Soto ( 1989 ) subscribes to the impression that informality is as a consequence of the excessive over ordinance by the province ( rigid mercantilist ) and therefore the solution to the job of informality is a liberalising model deregulate, de-bureaucratize and privatise. The attack therefore advocators for formalizing and the nice work docket follows straight from this position despite influence from other models. Notwithstanding the diverseness of these constructs, informality continues to turn in new pretenses and different signifiers even in the industrialised states. It is deserving adverting that none of the positions adequately explains or prescribes solutions to the jobs of informality given its heterogenous and multi metameric nature. Consequently, policy shapers are faced with the quandary of whether to eliminate or formalise the informal economic system. This has led to the suggestion of different ways of supplying support for those in the informal economic system which include licensing, proviso of micro recognition, preparation every bit good as enabling environment for corporate action ( Chen 2006 ) with more accent on formalizing. In malice of these suggestions, apprehension of the formalisation procedure varies and different histrions tend to specify formalisation to accommodate them. Intrinsically, policy shapers view formalising as a manner of licencing informal work and seting in topographic point revenue enhancement constructions. Conversely, the different informal workers and endeavors see formalising as a agency to achieve support and have the inducements and benefits of formality. Hence in formalizing, there are striking differences in footings of involvements and demands which should reflect in the policies of states. The institutional capacities, mechanisms and resources particularly in developing states are nevertheless, inadequate to provide for the broad fluctuations. The above jobs question the feasibleness of formalising the informal economic system and De Soto s legalist attack to informal economic system. Are the provinces in many states good equipped to enable workers and endeavors in the informal economic system travel upward into formality? Formalization may non be that simple as envisaged it can be debatable and a incubus to policy shapers. Despite the complication, the informal economic system can be reframed to productively interact with the context and histrions every bit good as cut down the associated exposure and hazards. Consequently, new models have emerged to take attention of the policy challenge of diminishing the cost of working informally ( Chen 2006:90-1 ) or cut downing the nice work shortages of working informally ( ILO 2002 ) . The ILO nice work docket title-holders the emerging consensus refering the demand to develop a model that is appropriate and able to react efficaciously to the jobs faced by those in the informal economic system. However is this docket executable in the mist of all these quandaries? What can the ILO Decent Work do for Informality? The ILO ( 2002 ) defines decent work as productive work which generates an equal income, in which workers rights are protected and where there is equal societal protection providing chances for work forces and adult females to obtain productive work in conditions of freedom, equality, security and human self-respect . Decent work has been categorized into two different attacks. Some analysts have classified it into 11 measuring classs based on employment chances, acceptable work, equal net incomes and productive work, nice hours, stableness and security of work, equilibrating work and household life, just intervention in employment, safe work environment, societal protection, societal duologue and workplace dealingss, and the economic and societal context of nice work ( Ghai 2006:27 ) . The other attack positions nice work from the position of security in which there are seven security indexs labour security, employment security, occupation security, work security, skill reprodu ction security, income security and representation security ( ILO 2002 ) . Therefore deficiency of entree to these indexs at the macro ( national ) , meso ( endeavor ) and micro ( Individual ) ( Ghai 2006:27 ) degrees leads to decent work shortages. These securities and indexs are unaccessible to workers in the informal economic system albeit pockets of workers in the formal economic system besides have shortages for illustration the working hapless . Hence in looking at the state of affairs of those in the informal economic system, nice work shortages are the chief features and apparent are poor quality unprotected and remunerated occupations, the absence of rights to work, inadequate societal protection and deficiency of representation particularly among adult females and immature workers ( ILO 2002:8 ) . The nice work attack hence recognizes that all those who work hold rights at work, irrespective of where they work ( ILO 2002: 8 ) and should hold nice work. Notwithstanding this, a one-size-fit all policy can non be developed for all sections. Decent work programmes necessitate to take into consideration the diverseness in labor markets, multi-segmented nature of informality, the function of authorities, establishments every bit good as cultural and historical backgrounds of states. Decent work should hence be seen as a end to be achieved increasingly from immediate to long term ( ILO 2002 ) . The immediate term focal point is to acknowledge and give protection to those working in the informal economic system, the short/medium and long term schemes are to heighten upward motion into formal decent occupations and the creative activity of formal nice employment chances for all severally. Work should therefore meet nice work conditions which are seen as a beginning of self-respect, satisfaction and fulfilment to workers ( Ghai 2006:11 ) . Restrictions of Decent Work Paradigm The nice work docket is a benign effort to informality but ILO unlike the World Bank and IMF do non hold the capacity to implement and guarantee that authoritiess adhere to the nice work programme. Besides, while the ILO outlined the securities that will do informal work decent, it does non supply penetrations into how these securities can be met and whose duty ( single, province, market, and other histrions ) it is to turn to and happen solutions to the shortages. Furthermore, ILO does non indicate out how to prioritise the securities in state of affairss where it is impossible to hold all seven fulfilled. The inquiry is shall we prioritise or shall we seek to accomplish at the same clip all the seven securities? Furthermore, pieces Chen ( 2006:27 ) assert that capacity of establishments, funding for inducements and societal protection, unequal formal occupations and employers non willing to change over as the jobs that impede formalizing, she seems to bury about the vested involvement and structural determiners that could impede nice work. For illustration institutional obstructions such as the local authorities units in Ghana may smother the nice work docket as integrating nice work model will impede the benefits they enjoy from the informality. Who benefits from formalising: local authorities or caput porter ( Kayayei ) ? Before looking at the caput porter and the local authorities systems in Ghana, it is of import to hold background information on the caput porter concern. The caput porters popularly referred to as kayayei in Ghana are female immature misss who migrate from northern parts of Ghana to the south preponderantly Accra and Kumasi. Like other informal concerns, the kayayei are self employed and prosecute in transporting goods on their caput from one topographic point to the other, unpacking shops particularly in market topographic points every bit good as assist purchasers in transporting purchased goods to assorted locations for a negotiated fee ( Argawal et al 1997, Opare 2003, Awumbila 2007 ) . Agarwal et Al ( 1997 ) further indicates that these misss are portion of the informal conveyance construction of Ghana that transport burden from one topographic point to the other and this commercial caput burden carrying is to be understood within the construction of economic activities of ad ult females in the informal economic system, and the importance of junior-grade trading as the prevailing business of adult females. Similarly, ILO ( 2004 ) and Awumbila ( 2007 ) notes that occupations engaged by these Kayayei wage low rewards, have low productiveness which leads to unstable incomes. The intent of their engagement nevertheless, is to attain sufficient nest eggs to change over to a more moneymaking and less backbreaking business ( Awumbila 2007:3 ) . These caput porters lack official enrollment, work in extremely competitory market topographic points, have shortages in all seven securities, and are exposed to diverse hazards and dazes. Their day-to-day exposure goes from running after coachs for concern to torment from metropolitan agents for payment of day-to-day levies. These caput porters nevertheless, have assorted endurance schemes which include corporate recognition and insurance ( susu and adashi ) strategies and organisation of semi-permanent connubial brotherhoods to cut down their exposure within the labour market ( Awumbila A ; Ardayfio-Schandorf 2008, Argawal et al 1997, Opare 2003 ) . Much of the literature on the kayayei phenomenon negotiations about migration and supports but barely talked about is the levy they pay to the local authorities systems in Ghana but do non derive any signifier of societal protection. Their activities like other informal concerns are non recognized but they are regulated by the metropolitan assemblies in the signifiers of day-to-day levies. They pay 50 Ghana pesewas daily levy to agents of the assemblies and are hijacked in the class of their operations to pay before they can go on with their activities. It is nevertheless, ill-defined what the revenue enhancements collected from these misss are used for. They do non acquire any signifier of benefits, inducements or societal protection from the local authorities. Evans ( 1989:582 ) describes the instance of Zaire predatory province in which province functionaries squeeze resources from civil society without any more respect for the public assistance of the people than a marauder has for the public assistance of its quarry . This predatory province scenario best describes the relationship between the local authorities and the caput porter in Ghana. The metropolitan governments benefits from the informality of the caput porters and do non hold any respect for their public assistance. In such a instance, implementing the nice work attack will function as a dis-benefit to the authorities who merely plays an timeserving appropriation function. Hence, such constructions may function as obstructions to the nice work programme. Chen ( 2006:15 ) indicates that many activities in the informal economic system do non bring forth adequate end product, employment or income to fall into bing revenue enhancement brackets but these misss though do non b ring forth adequate income are still taxed and this farther worsen their state of affairs. Conclusion and policy recommendations Once the local authorities acknowledge the legality of the caput porters through revenue enhancement, they are obliged to supply them with protection. For illustration their activities could be regulated by seting in fixed monetary values for transporting goods to certain distances to cut down their exposure in footings of dialogue. State should supply kayayei with vocational and negotiation accomplishments preparation, acknowledge them in the labor Torahs and give basic security like wellness attention, shelter, protection from eviction and torment can buffer them against hazards and dazes in their day-to-day activities. For case paying the premium for these caput porters in the Ghana national wellness insurance strategy will take attention of their wellness demands and farther heighten their work. Similar public assistance financess like the Bidi Workers Welfare and Head Loaders Funds in India could be established to supply societal security benefits for these caput porters. In add-on, their micro insurance strategies and schemes could be enhanced particularly the susu and adashi systems. These signifiers of corporate parts could be transformed into common systems of societal security. The function of the province is critical in advancing such systems by supplying an enabling environment and suited policy model to include these strategies. Furthermore, the local authorities systems should acknowledge and protect the rights of the caput porters since they play a facilitative function being portion of the conveyance sector in Ghana. As Opare ( 2003 ) noted the kayeyei make utile part to the Ghanese economic system and should be recognized as such and provided with the necessary protection to enable cut down nice work shortages. Should these be considered for the societal protection policies, it will assist cut down the insecurity, exposure and material want faced by these caput porters. Mentions Agarwal, et Al ( 1997 ) Bearing the weight, the Kayayoo Ghana s Working miss kid , University of Ghana: Centre for Social Policy Surveies Awumblia, M. ( 2007 ) Internal migration, exposure and female porters in Accra, Ghana Poster Session Paper presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, N. Y. Awumbila, M. A ; Ardayfio-Schandorf, E. ( 2008 ) Gendered poorness, migration and support schemes of female porters in Accra, Ghana Norsk Georgrafisk Tidsskrift Norse Journal of Geography, 62 ( 3 ) September 2008, pages 171 179 Castells, M. A ; Portes, A. ( 1989 ) World Underneath: The Origins, Dynamics, and Effectss of the Informal Economy in Alejandro Portes, Manuel Castells and Lauren A Benton ( explosive detection systems ) , The Informal Economy: Surveies in Advanced and Less Advanced Developed Countries, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Chen, et Al ( 2006 ) Informality, Gender and Poverty ; A Global Picture Economic and Political Weekly, 27th May 2006 Chen, M. ( 2006 ) Rethinking the Informal Economy: Linkages with the Formal Economy and the Formal Regulatory Environment In Guha-Khasnobis et Al ( explosive detection systems. ) Associating the Formal and Informal Economy: Concepts and Policies pp 75-92 Oxford: New York, Oxford University Press Chen, M. ( 2004 ) Rethinking the Informal Economy: Linkages with the Formal Economy and the Formal Regulatory Environment A paper prepared for presentation at the EGDI-WIDER Conference Unleashing Human Potential: Associating the Informal and Formal Sectors 17-18 September 2004, Helsinki Finland Chen, et Al ( 2004 ) Mainstreaming Informal Employment and Gender in Poverty Reduction: A Handbook for Policy-Makers and Other Stakeholders . London: Commonwealth Secretariat. De Soto, Hernando. ( 1989 ) The Other Way: the Economic Answer to Terrorism . New York: Harper Collins. Evans, P. ( 1989 ) Predatory, Developmental and other Apparatus: A Comparative Political Economy Perspective in the Third World State Sociological Forum, ( 4 ) , 4 1989 Ghai, D. ( 2002 ) Decent work: Concepts, theoretical accounts and indexs , DP/139/2002, Education Outreach Programme, International Institute of Labour Studies ( IILS ) Discussion Paper, Geneva, ILO. Ghai, D. ( 2006 ) Decent Work: Aims and Strategies International Institute for Labour Studies/ International Labour Office, Geneva, ILO Hart, K. ( 1973 ) Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana , in the Journal of Modern African Studies, 11 ( 1 ) , 61-89. International Labour Conference ( 2002 ) Conclusions Refering Decent Work and the Informal Economy Geneva: International Labour Office. Available online at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc90/pdf/pr-25res.pdf [ Accessed 7 January 2010 ] ILO ( 2002 ) Decent Work and the Informal Economy , Report VI, International Labour Conference, 90th Session, International Labour Office Geneva. Available online at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc90/pdf/rep-vi.pdf [ Accessed 7 January 2010 ] ILO ( 2004 ) Working out of poorness in Ghana: The Ghana nice work pilot programme . Geneva, Switzerland: The International Labour Office. Moser, C. ( 1978 ) Informal Sector or Petty Commodity Production: Dualism or Independence in Urban Development , World Development, 6, 1041-64. Sublime portes, et Al. ( 1989 ) The Informal Economy John Hopkins University Press Opare, J.A. ( 2003 ) Kayayei: the adult females head porters of Southern Ghana , in Journal of societal development in Africa, 18 ( 2 ) , 33-48 Sethuraman, S V ( 1976 ) The Urban Informal Sector: Concept, Measurement and Policy , International Labour Review, 114 ( 1 ) , 69-81. Tokman, V. ( 1978 ) An Exploration into the Nature of the Informal- Formal Sector Relationship , World Development, 6 ( 9/10 ) , 1065-75.

Nurse Practitioner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nurse Practitioner - Essay Example This entails following up on my patients’ well being, as per the clinical guidelines (Hollier, A., & Hensley, 2011). This role will display the dedication I have towards health promotion, disease prevention and treatment, as working in a clinic setting is my passion. The type of organization I expect to practice my nursing profession is a clinical setting. A clinic setting is a health care facility that is focused on the health of patients, with intent of serving the community. The clinic provides a variety of health care services and treatment. It is essential to have clinical experience so as to work in a clinical organization. In order to obtain clinical experience, I have learnt that I have to be involved and dedicated in the health care center. My education as a nursing professional has sharpened my clinical skills, thus giving me a chance to practice clinical medicine; that is to help the doctor when examining a patient. As a registered FNP, I will perform duties like physical examinations to patients, obtain health histories, diagnosis, and to prescribe treatment aimed in improving the patients’ conditions. Moreover, I will also perform functional, development, and psychosocial assessment (Wyckoff et al., 2009). This means that at times I will work together with a doctor, and at other times completely independent of a doctor. As an Independent and advanced nurse practitioner, I purpose to come up with perfect solutions for my future workforce. Thus, I will promote the best health care practices and service (Ho llier & Hensley, 2011). The Florida Board of Nursing will support my role in the clinical setting that I expect to work. This is based on the fact that this board will license my nursing profession. The board will support my role of nursing in the clinical organization by ascertaining that I am a qualified medical practitioner with the appropriate skills that are required. It will

Week 4 question 1 & 2 part b Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 4 question 1 & 2 part b - Personal Statement Example Moreover, the community ought to enhance awareness among its members on the importance of environment conservation. The community also needs to be discouraged from encroaching into the forests and water sources such as rivers. Better farming methods should also be encouraged to prevent the pollution of these important water resources. The fundamental role played by water cannot be overemphasized in any ecosystem. As such, the effort should be aimed at ensuring that as little water as possible is wasted, and possibly, the wasted water treated promptly. One of the simple, cost effective, simple and reliable way in which natural ecosystems can treat this important commodity is phytodepuration (Vymazal, 2008). This is a water treatment technique that reproduces the natural purification processes in a controlled environment. Little deep basins are used filled with inert material which is fed with aquatic plants. The plants used reproduce the natural purification process. The method is very cheap and cost effective

The Risky Undertaking of a Business Opportunity by an Entrepreneur Essay

The Risky Undertaking of a Business Opportunity by an Entrepreneur - Essay Example All organizations have an external environment, which plays a key role in determining the success or failure of the organization (Ebert and Griffin ). The external environment of the organization consists of all the outside forces and factors that may affect the organization either positively or negatively. It is therefore very important for any organization manager to have a clear understanding of this environment. There are six external environments and they can affect an organization either directly or indirectly. The six environments include the domestic environment; this comprises of the environment in which the organization carries out its business and generates income. The second environment is the global environment; this is composed of the international forces and factors that affect the operation of the business either direct or indirect (Ebert and Griffin ). The third environment is technological; this environment is made up of the factors and ways in which the organizatio n generates value for its constituents. Four environments are made up of Political-legal environment; this is comprised of the link between the business and the government. A thorough knowledge into this environment is essential for any manager. The fifth environment is socio-cultural and it deals with the society in which the organization operates. It reflects on the demographic characteristics and the customer's values of society. Lastly, there is the economic environment; this section reflects on the relevant conditions that are linked to the economic system in which the firm operates.

The General Environment Consists Of Six Segments Marketing Essay

The General Environment Consists Of Six Segments Marketing Essay Telecom Corporation of New Zealand Limited Telecom is a  company based on media and telecommunications industry offering telecommunications and information, communication and technology (ICT) services in New Zealand and Australia. The company has a headcount of about 8297 employees as of 2011 (Annual report of Telecom New Zealand, 2011).Telecom Corporation of New Zealand Limited is the largest telecommunications service provider in New Zealand providing consumers and business people with a wide range of products and services. Telecom operates under the following business units: Telecom Retail , Gen-i, AAPT, Telecom New Zealand International, Chorus and Technology shared services (Annual report of Telecom New Zealand, 2011). Today, Telecom plays a significant marketing leader role by owning more than one million fixed line customers and over two million mobile connections in the New Zealand telecommunications market (Annual report of Telecom New Zealand, 2011). However, the companys total operating revenues and total gains for the financial year 2011 (ending June 2011) is about NZ$ 5122 million, a decrease of 2.8% over the financial year 2010 (Annual report of Telecom New Zealand, 2011). Environmental factors General Environment Analysis According to Hanson, Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson (2011), the general environment consists of six segments: Demographic segment Telecoms major operations are carried out in New Zealand and Australia which contributes to very less population globally. The region consists of people from different ethnic groups like Maoris, Europeans, Asians and Pacific Islanders with lots of immigrants from different parts of the world. The major source of income is through salaries and wages; others include interests, investments and self-employment. Economic segment The New Zealand economy is suffering a quite slow recovery with the GDP result growing by 0.3 % in December 2011 quarter (New Zealand Statistics, 2012). Furthermore, the companys revenue decreased in the year 2011 which is not a good thing in the industry. It also depends on the nations economic condition in the World Market. Sometimes recessions may also affect the companys performance. Political/legal segment Telecom has its own governance objectives, policies, taxation laws and regulations for its employees. It should also be following the Telecommunication Act set by the Government. Furthermore, the Telecommunication Amendment Act in New Zealand will simplify telecommunications regulation and increase the marketing competition within the telecommunication service industry in New Zealand (Telecom New Zealand, 2012). The firm should also be following the Human Rights Act and Employment law for the firms employees. Legal proceedings are carried out for violation of laws and regulations. Socio-cultural segment Telecom consists of diverse set of people in the workplace who helps in the companys success in the Global Market. The employees face a lot of challenges in order to meet the Companys goals and objectives. It has a wide range of diversity programs such as Leadership programmes, Global Women programmes and flexible working policies (Annual report of Telecom New Zealand, 2011). Telecom foundation was recently started to do charity and community works. The firm also have concerns about New Zealands environment (Telecom New Zealand, 2012). Technological segment Since Telecom being a part of the telecommunications Industry, there are a lot of new technologies and innovations being created at a very fact pace. So the company must learn the new technology very fast so as to adopt the new technology ahead of its competitors. The company has also shown interest in the new technology called the Ultra Fast Broadband initiative which is a new technology for faster broadband connections (Telecom New Zealand, 2012). There is also a more focus of globalisation of technology and internet enabled services. Global segment Telecom is company that is based in New Zealand and Australia. So the company is not globally attracted. It should expand the organisation globally so that it can gain a competitive advantage over its competitors when they have a global presence in the industry. Globalisation always helps in creating opportunities and challenges for the firm which makes them more successful in the industry. Industry Environment Analysis According to Hanson et al (2011), the five forces of Industry environment consists of : Threat of new entrants Entry into the telecommunication industry requires a huge capital because they need to build a great infrastructure within New Zealand. The threat of new entrants will be lower in the industry because they have to compete with its well-established competitors. However due to lower switching costs between service providers, the new entrant may have an opportunity in the existing market share when their services are cheaper than the existing competitors. The government policies are also liberalized for entry in the telecommunication industry which is an added advantage. Overall, the threat of new entrants in the telecommunication industry is medium. Planning Process and Strategies From the above General Environment we can find factors that influence and also affect the industry in the form of opportunities and threats. These factors mainly depend on the competitiveness, market share, substitute products, supply and demand. Opportunities can be listed as: Growing broadband market with the introduction of ultra-fast broadband initiative in New Zealand which helps the company to gain more customers. Mobile data services are being used more these days as people tend to use mobile for browsing the internet. Increasing growth of mobile payment service which is an easy and a convenient way to do transactions due to more use of Smartphones. Threats can be listed as: Globalisation of the company is important to survive in the industry Legal proceedings of the company involves more legal costs Intense competition among the competitors acts as a threat in the industry Team Structure And Dynamics The industry consists of only a few potential competitors which is an advantage for the company. But there are also new competitors and also the threat of new entrants which lowers the companys market share in the industry. The company has its own substitute products due to advancements in technology and thus when people want to switch from fixed to mobile connection; the company eventually retains its new customers. When the company is updated in the technological world, it will eventually gain new customers and also retain its own customers as well. Thus the bargaining power of suppliers is relatively high. Bargaining power of buyers The industry is characterised by large number of potential buyers who are independent in choosing their own service provider. Customers tend to choose their service provider based on the companys customer service and price range. So the customers gain an advantage to switch to other service providers when required which decreases the suppliers power. However when the buyers are in a contract period, the switching costs are relatively high which is an advantage to the suppliers. Thus the bargaining power of buyers is medium. Threat of substitute products Telecom is a part of the telecommunication industry and it has its own substitute products as the company has both fixed and wireless connections. Since the substitute products are there within the own company it is not found to be a key issue for the company. Thus overall the level of threat of substitute products is relatively low. Rivalry among competing firms The New Zealand Telecommunication Industry has its major competitors like Vodafone, Telecom, Telstra clear and 2degrees. The rivalry among these competitors is relatively high because of their different approaches in the industry. Vodafone is said to be the major competitor of telecom because of its global presence in the industry. 2degrees has also set a mark in the industry due to its cheaper prices and quality plans. Thus the rivalry among the competing firms is said to be high. Competitor The key competitors of Telecom across various business units are Telstraclear, Vodafone Group PLC, Hutchison Telecommunications (Australia) Limited, AirNet Systems, Inc, Woosh Wireless, CallPlus Ltd, Hewlett-Packard Company, IBM Corporation, Singapore Telecommunications Limited (SingTel), Two Degrees Mobile Limited, Orcon Internet Limited. Though Telecom is one of the largest communication industries in New Zealand, there are also potential threats because of its competitors. Vodafone is the largest mobile phone operator in New Zealand which is mainly because of its global presence in over 30 countries. 2degrees is also gaining advantage with low call rates and innovative plans. So Telecom should gain competitive advantage by expanding the organisation globally by providing quality service and cheap products. Leadership: Telecom following the democratic leadership. Democratic leaders make the final decisions, but they include team members in the decision-making process. They encourage creativity, and team members are often highly engaged in projects and decisions. There are many benefits of democratic leadership. Team members tend to have high job satisfaction and are productive because theyre more involved in decisions. This style also helps develop peoples skills. Team members feel in control of their destiny, so theyre motivated to work hard by more than just a financial reward. Because participation takes time, this approach can slow decision-making, but the result is often good. The approach can be most suitable when working as a team is essential, and when quality is more important than efficiency or productivity. The downside of democratic leadership is that it can often hinder situations where speed or efficiency is essential. For instance, during a crisis, a team can waste valuable time gathering peoples input. Another downside is that some team members might not have the knowledge or expertise to provide high quality input. Conclusion: Telecom has a leading marketing position within the highly competitive marketplace. Currently the management of Telecom is facing some strategic issues in telecommunication industry. Some of the key issues are the Ultra Band Broadband initiative introduced by the New Zealand Government which is said to be the future of broadband connections in New Zealand. So Telecom should be very keen in providing better service to the customers with the new broadband initiative so as to gain a competitive advantage over other competitors. The companys profitability and revenue has also decreased in the financial year 2011 which is considered to be an issue in the market value of the company, so the company should try to gain more profits and revenues in the future. The company should also change its marketing strategies so that it can attract more customers in the future. With lots of new technologies being innovated the company can use these technologies to market their products and services so as to create positive market position in the industry.

Essay --

As I packed up my belongings from my dorm at the end of my freshman year in college, I remember feeling indifferent about summer. Although most people would be happy knowing they were not going to summer school, I had gotten accustomed to this routine. As far back as I can remember, each summer was spent in school or some form of tutoring program; not as a result of my poor grades but to stay ahead. I finally had a summer free, and I was uncertain what to do. Not wanting to waste away my summer idly, I set out to make my summer productive and obtained an internship position at my local health department. Undoubtedly this has been one of two main experiences highly influential in leading me to pursue my Masters in Public Health. Interning at the health department was my formal introduction to public health. It quickly became apparent how predominant and ubiquitous the practices of public health are in our everyday lives. I also gained a better understanding as to how critical public health is to the entire healthcare system; specifically how research and practice in the areas of community needs can make notable impacts. Working mainly in the nurse's clinic and birth and death records, I occasionally got the opportunity to help out in other areas such as the Black Infant Health Program. This program specifically caught my attention because of how valuable and requested it was for the African American community. They provided resources to empower and strengthen women throughout their pregnancy. Women were provided with information and classes so that they were informed to make better choices for caring and raising their children, in hopes that it would positively impact future generations. This is particularl y important because ... ... healthcare setting can greatly help gain the support at the community level. I want to be apart of the growing effort in creating an atmosphere that allows dialogue and interest amongst minority groups who are more disproportionately affected by diseases. My desire to pursue a graduate degree in public health is personally driven, and I believe UC Irvine will serve as a vital foundation for obtaining the necessary knowledge and training in my career. With my persistence in the pursuit of knowledge I am confident that I will be able to take full advantage of what the program has to offer so that I too can make meaningful contributions in public health. In order to hone my skills with regards to health, I am currently taking a human anatomy and physiology course through Loyola Marymount University Extension, and I find myself eager to return to full time studies.

Genocide in Bosnia Essay

The Bosnian genocide is often referred to as the hidden genocide, yet it had catastrophic effects on humanity. Over 100,000 people were killed and it displaced millions of people. The genocide occurred between 1992 and 1995. The Social Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was made up of six nations under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito. Once Tito passed away in 1990, there was a power vacuum, and politicians began a nationalistic campaign pitting Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks against each other. Hence, the beginning of an â€Å"ethnic cleansing† war (Campbell, 2003 p.511). Once Milosevic was the President of Republic of Serbia, he encouraged formation of violent uprisings by Serb nationals. Milosevic was interested in creating an ethnically pure Serb nation. Milosevic’s ambition worried the nations in the federal government; hence Croatia and Slovenia declared themselves independent from the republic. However, Croatia was not allowed to leave because it had 12% of the Serbian population. Hence Croatia became a battlefield between 1991- 1996. Bosnia-Herzegovina watched the horrors in Croatia as they worried about themselves being the next victim. Bosnia-Herzegovina held a referendum in 1992 and declared itself free from the republic. The Serbs in Bosnia were not happy about it, and they began fighting with the support of the Yugoslavian National Army. Bosnia and Croatia lacked weapons to defend themselves because the UN had enacted an embargo, thus they were victims of an endless cycle of violence, displacement and death (Schott, 2011 p.19). Serbian plan of attack entailed the following steps; concentration, decapitation, separation, evacuation ad liquidation. During concentration stage, Serbian soldiers would warn Serbians to leave the town they were about to attack and surround the city with artillery fire. The second stage involved execution of the town’s leaders, military and intelligence. On the third stage, Serbian soldiers would separate women, children and old people from â€Å"fighting group†. Women, children and old people would be taken to concentration camps, while the young people were executed. This brings me to the subject of this essay. Women were targeted in specific ways when compa red to men. Unlike, the young male soldiers who were executed, women lived longer to and experience  untold suffering under the Serb soldiers. Women were interchangeably used by soldiers as sexual trophies (Lentin, 1997). This essay analyses the genocide on a gendered frame, so as to shine light on the awful atrocities women faced in the hands of Serbian militia. From a gender frame, sexual violence in war cannot be reduced to psychological attributes of the perpetrators. Genocidal rape has to be analyzed in terms of social structures. Rape in Bosnia was systematic, since it was planned. Bosnian genocide is the only genocide that women bodies were used as a battlefield. This genocide trampled upon all women rights. The Serbian militants lacked respect and sympathy for women. The Yugoslav army, Bosnian Serb forces and Chetniks came up with a sexual violence campaign against Croats and Muslim women. They killed, imprisoned, terrorized and raped women in the hope that they would leave and never come back. The attack on women was not an accident. It was premeditated as a lot of soldiers took part in sexual violence campaign. Th eir commanders were aware of what was going on, and they turned a blind eye. The attackers used the Ram & Brana plan of attack (1991). The plan said that successful attacks should be the one carried out on the enemy’s weakest point. The weakest point during wars is usually women and children. By attacking the weakest point, they were able to spread panic and fear in the population hence Croats and Bosnians could only run away for safety (Abreu, 2005 p.5). Since this was an â€Å"ethnic cleansing war†, the Serbian armed forces believed that sexual violence against women was an act of tainting the bloods of the Croats and Bosnians (Allen, 1996 p. 23). Culture and religion played a big part in this war; hence the attackers believed that they were annihilating their culture through sexual violence. The Serbians waged a psychological warfare on their enemies, such that they believed that by raping women, impregnating them and forcefully aborting their fetuses they were cleansing them. The Serbian armed forces also carried out sexual assaults against men. Serbia, Bosnia and almost all Balkan nations are lawfully heterosexual nations. Hence by raping men, they were degrading them or feminizing them and making them powerless. By raping their victims, the victims were gendered as feminine or attached with feminine qualities of vulnerability. Apart from the psychological effects of sexual violence on women, women faced a lot of physical suffering in the â€Å"rape camps†. The Serbian forces had created rape camps as a substitute for  concentration camps, so that they would use them to sexually violate women. In fact the Serbian forces had a modus operandi for sexually assaulting women (Abreu, 2005 p.11). The modus operandi was characterized by three patterns; public rape of children and women in their villages, sporadic rape of women and children in concentration camps and lastly rape in death/ rape camps. During the three stages women were subjected to all kinds of violence. Women went through gang rapes, sexual mutilations, forced impregnation and childbirth, sexual abuse with foreign objects and family me mbers were forced to rape their women. The extreme sexual violence was meant to defile, destroy the community and to make them leave. It is obvious that the war was motivated by nationalistic intentions, but the way the war was carried out, misogyny is another probable cause of the war. Most atrocities that took place in Bosnia genocide have been termed as â€Å"femicidal† (Turpin 1998 p. 67). Bosnians and Croats have traditional cultures. Women are supposed to be pure, and when they are not pure they are ostracized from the society. After the genocide, women who were victim of sexual violence were avoided. The tainted women were no longer acceptable by their friends and families, and this was the goal of the Serbian perpetrators. This justifies the fact that misogyny could have been another reason for the war. In a gendered frame analysis, it is clear that there was feminization of the genocide (MacKinnon, 2006 p.18). In genocide, women are usually seen as universal victims. Sexual violence against women is seen as a mortal sin against motherhood. The notion of ‘combat’ and battlefields are constructs of masculinity. The Serbian armed forces believed that through sexual violence campaign, they would turn their victims powerless (Femininity) analysis of war is often carried out from a masculine point of view. However, Bosnia genocide is gendered, as it represents women as victims, sexual objects, symbolic of their nation and repositories of their families. The Serbs militia believed that by defiling the women, they would be defiling the nations (Bosnia and Croatia) Collins (1996) attempts to explain genocidal rape from a feminist perspective, he says that women are the ones who hold families and the community. Their physical and emotional destruction through rape is a symbol of destruction of the social and cultural stability of a nation. The sexual violence involved heightened sadism, for instance forceful rape with family members. The sexual violence  aimed at destroying the victims emotionally, destroying the community and imposing restrictions on women so as to control births. The sexual genocide did not only target the individual victim, but it targeted the group too. Rape as a genocide strategy destroys women’s role as mothers and caregivers, hence the pivotal source of the life to the community is destroyed. According to Mc Kinnon (2006, 187), sexual campaign was used by the Serbian military as a tool for political campaign, soldiers were to rape under orders. The sexual violence campaign was characterized by forced rape and forced impregnation. After the Croatian and muslim women were sexually abuse, they were denied abortions so that they would give birth to â€Å"Serb† babies. Forced impregnation was seen as a way of destroying the maternal community as they gave birth to the child of the enemy ( Allen, 1996 p.76). The rapists violated the rights of women through forceful procreation, which is a deliberate and a sadist act. The children of the rapists often stigmatized or abandoned as they brought negative memories to their mothers. The forced pregnancies on rape victims were seen as a way of preventing births among the Croats and Muslims. The perpetrators of rape believed that they were producing â€Å"Little Chetniks†. From a feminist perspective, the act of forced imp regnation is like imposing a social death on the victims. The women were tortured, and they did not want those children. It turned Croatian and Muslim women as gestating beings for the enemy. Stories from the war show a lot of women who recounted how they were raped repeatedly until they were pregnant, and the women wanted nothing to do with the children. Another explanation of forced rape is the fact that rape was used as a tool of biological warfare. Forced rape and impregnation meets the requirement of biological warfare according to international law (Seifet, 1996 p.42). MacKinnon also analyzes Bosnian rape by comparing it with pornography. In the 1990s, pornography was very common in Yugoslavia. When porn is common in a society, the whole population learns to dehumanize women and inflict sexual assault. Pornographic materials provided the need motivation and materials for Serbian forces. In the rape camps, women were ordered to perform for men; in fact some rapes were filmed and sold as pornographic products since they could not be differentiated from actual pornography. The films were even released in the media so as to amass popularity for Bosnian war. The dialogue s in the pornography were used to  implicate Croatian soldiers. According to MacKinnon (2006), sexual violence was used so consciously and cynically in a way that destroyed people. Once pornography was released, more Serbian forces were encouraged to continually assault women. Genocidal rape in Bosnia was seen as an ethno marker. Ethnic markers are things such as dressing, lifestyle and language. The Serbians, Croats and Bosnians had almost similar ethnic markers. Since they were a part of Yugoslavia republic, the ethnic lines had been blurred. Rape was used by the Serbs to act as a moral ethno marker, as it separated them from the Croats and Muslims. They felt that it created cultural superiority of the Serbians. In fact Serbian law was amended to include ethnic rape, and they believed that the differences in ethnicity aggravated the crime. The mass rapes occurred in places where Serbs were a minority when compared to the size of Croats and Muslims (Allen, 1996 p.19). This was a way of asserting their superiority in the region. Sexual violence was also used to socialize new military recruits. Rape isolated the new recruits from the community and prepared them for battlefield. In Bosnia, sexual violence perpetrated by new recruits occurred in front of other soldiers and the victims even know their perpetrators. The Bosnian war was used by the Serbs to renegotiate their relationship with the other Balkan nations. Rape was seen as a way of establishing new boundaries, as they felt that they were the superior ethnic group. From a gender based analysis it is evident that the legal framework did not address the sexual violence against women in Bosnia well (MacKinnon, 2006 p.89). The law blamed the genocide on ethnicity, and disregarded the fact that it was sex based. The Serb military attack on women was premeditated and executed in three stages. The creation of rape camps shows that the intent was sexually based, in as much as it was ethnically motivated. Failure by the law to acknowledge this is a huge set back on women rights. The law perpetuates patriarchy in legal constructs in violation of women rights. Failure to acknowledge it also prevents the law from addressing the genocidal rape adequately. The law is ignoring the existence and horrifying effects of genocidal sexual terrorism to women (Abreu, 2005 p. 16). This is quite cowardly as the law uses ethnicity to cover the severe harm that women suffered in the hands of Serbian militants. The law enables the perpetrators to hide under ethnic crimes, yet they committed more inhumane atrocities. The law usually acknowledges sexual  crimes, but sexual crimes during genocides were only termed as other inhumane acts. This is blatant sex discrimination propagated by the law. In conclusion, analyzing genocide on a gender framed perspective gives various explanations and perspectives on the violence against women in Bosnia. The sexual violence against women in Bosnia genocide is distinct. Many women can recount the horror they went through in the hands of the Serbian perpetrators. The violence against women was planned as a war strategy. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) should recognize genocidal sex terrorism, rather than hiding it under ethnic-based persecutions (Campbell, 2003 p.509). Serbian militants reduced women as a means of achieving their goals for the genocide. Addressing this problem will help the victim feel like they have achieved some semblance of justice, though nothing can compare to what they went through. Genocide sexual terrorism should be acknowledged by the law, and the legal elements regarding it should be outlined. Using a gender frame to analyze genocide helps us learn about the psychological and soc ial reasons for rape during genocides, rather than just saying that they were raped because they belonged to the enemy’s side. References Abreu, Veronica. (2005) Women’s Bodies as Battlefields In The Former Yugoslavia: An Argument For The Prosecution Of Sexual Terrorism As Genocide And For The Recognition of Genocidal Sexual Terrorism As A Violation Of Jusc Cogens Under International Law. The Georgetown Journal of Gender and Law, Vol. V1:1 Allen, B (1996) Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Campbell, K., 2003, â€Å"Rape as a ‘Crime Against Humanity’: Trauma, Law and Justice in the ICTY†, Journal of Human Rights, 2(4): 507–515. Caringella, S., (2008) Addressing Rape Reform in Law and Practice, New York: Columbia University Press. Jones, Adam (2006) Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. New York City: Routledge, 2006. MacKinnon, C., (2006) Are Women Human? And Other International Dialogues, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. Ringelheim, J.M. (1997) ‘Genocide and gender: a split memory’ in R. Lentin (editor) Gender and Catastrophe. London: Zed Books. Schott, R. (2011), â€Å"War Rape, Natality and Genocide†, Journal of Genocide Research, 13(1/2): 5-21. Seifert, R., (1996), â€Å"The Second Front: The Logic of Sexual Violence in Wars†, Women’s Studies International Forum, 19(1/2): 35–43. Turpin, J. (1998) ‘Many faces: women confronting war’ in L.A. Lorentzen and J. Turpin (editors) The Women and War Reader. New York: New York University Press.

Ways to Improve Your Resume and Job Search With Expert Cheryl Palmer

Ways to Improve Your Resume and Job Search With Expert Cheryl Palmer During her time at the Department of Labor, Cheryl Palmer saw the need for resume writing and career coaching in the wider workforce. So, she founded Call to Career, a premier resume writing and career coaching service, to fill that need. She spoke with us about job hunting and resume writing. What are some common misconceptions about hiring that you see?One misconception is that if you are over 50, you won’t get hired. Even though age discrimination still exists, it is far too pessimistic a view to think that people over 50 aren’t being hired. People in all age groups, even highly experienced workers, are being hired every day. Much of a job hunter’s success depends on attitude. If you think you will get hired, you will. If you think you won’t get hired, you won’t.Another misconception is that sometimes job hunters think that a recruiter will get them a job. The truth of the matter is that recruiters work for the employer, not for the job seeker. C ertainly recruiters can be helpful in the job search process, but that is only true if they have an opening for which the job seeker is highly qualified. Job seekers need to use a variety of job search methods, including using recruiters, to find that next position.Where do job seekers get â€Å"stuck,† so to speak, in their search? What stumbling blocks are out there?Some job seekers get stuck because they do not clearly define their job target. It’s easy to get stuck if you don’t know what you are looking for. You can’t expect a potential employer to be your career coach. You must decide for yourself what you are looking for, and all of your job search tools need to reflect that goal.Another stumbling block is that it is easy to get sidetracked with other projects you didn’t have time for when you were working. Men especially are prone to get stuck doing their â€Å"honey-do† lists instead of focusing on the job search.What’s the on e thing we should never, ever do on our resumes?Job seekers should never, ever lie on their resumes. For some job hunters, it may seem as though this is the best thing to do, but it is very dangerous. The consequences for a job seeker can be severe. Most organizations will terminate an employee immediately if they find out the person lied. This is true even if the organization finds out years after the fact.Many job seekers feel compelled to lie because they think it is the only way to compete. They may state they have a degree when in fact they never completed college, because they see so many vacancy announcements require a college degree. Or they may take credit for something on the job that they didn’t do because it sounds impressive.But lying is not worth it. If you are found out, not only can you lose your job, but if you are in a field where everyone knows everyone else, you can also be blacklisted.Why is interview coaching so important? What’s changed about int erviews in the past few years?Interview coaching gives job hunters critical feedback on how they are coming across. Many people may think they interview well, but they may not know how they are being perceived. An interview coach can help job seekers fine tune their answers for commonly asked questions and analyze their nonverbal responses.One major change in how interviews are conducted in the last few years is that job seekers can expect at some point in the job search to be interviewed via videoconferencing. Skype is one of the most popular videoconferencing services. Job seekers should prepare to be interviewed through this new medium. There is a different feel with video interviewing than with face-to-face or telephone interviews.

The role of the US dollar as the worlds reserve currency

The role of the US dollar as the worlds reserve currency The United States dollar has acted as the world’s reserve currency for more than sixty years. According to Carbaugh (2009, p. 519), the US dollar emerged as the world reserve currency after World War II. The United States was not adversely affected by war. In addition, the US experienced an increment in the inflow of gold and during 1930s and 1940s. The resultant effect is that the dollar became the reserve currency.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of the US dollar as the world’s reserve currency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Over the past decades, the dollar has been considered to be the ‘almighty’ (Robinson, 2009, p.148). Most governments have over the years considered the US dollar to be an efficient mode of holding currency as illustrated in figure 1. One of the reasons which explain why the dollar has continued to be the world’s reserve currency relates to trade. Tod ay, most governments reserve the dollar in their central banks so as to purchase goods in the foreign market. The US dollar was generally accepted as the reserve currency because the US firms produced high quality goods at low cost. As a world reserve currency, the US dollar’s role was to enhance the level of confidence in trade and investment. In addition, the US dollar has over the years been used by most countries which do not have a gold standard to back their currencies. As a result, the dollar enhances the level of confidence in investors. In most cases, emerging economies have discretion with regard to the reserves they wish to hold. However, they have to hold a currency which instills a high level of confidence on their local currency. This explains why China has liked its Yuan on the dollar. Figure 1 Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: The US T reasury Secondly, the US dollar cautioned countries against balance of payment deficits. Over the past few decades, the US dollar has been relatively stable compared to other currencies. According to Epstein and Graham (1993, p.74), a reserve currency must have a relatively high and stable value. These characteristics make the reserve currency to be an attractive asset and also instill confidence amongst investors. As a world reserve currency, the dollar ensured that countries do not experience balance of payment deficits. From figure 1, it is evident that there was an increment in the volume of dollars accumulated by governments from 1997. One of the reasons for this relates to the occurrence of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The crisis led to countries such as Indonesia, Thailand and South Korea experiencing balance of payment deficits. As a result, there was an increment in demand for dollars. The first reason for the increased calls for a new reserve currency is the existence of increased global financial instability. For a period of 13 years, the US dollar was considered as the world reserve currency. However, there was a decline in the degree at which the dollar is considered as the reserve currency from 2000 onwards. A report by Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE) revealed a decline in the dollar’s share with regard to foreign exchange reserve with a margin of 4.3%. By 2009, the US dollar comprised approximately 60% of the total world reserves. The euro, the yen and pound followed as accounting for less than 30% as illustrated by the graph (Chu, 2010, para. 2). One of the reasons which explain the decline in the prominence of the dollar is the fact that the US is experiencing a budget deficit. The resultant effect is that US has increased its dependence on borrowing to finance its economic. The occurrence of the 2008/2009 global financial crisis illustrates the weakness inherent in the existing international monetary system.Ad vertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of the US dollar as the world’s reserve currency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Those arguing for introduction of a new reserve currency system cite the need to develop financial stability. The instability of the dollar has led to increased calls for a new international monetary system to be introduced especially by emerging economies such as China and Brazil. According to Hill (2009, p.54), emerging economies mainly depend on the international trade in order to stimulate their economic growth and development. However, the current reserve system does not offer efficient international liquidity. The resultant effect is that most of these economies were affected by spillovers of global shocks. The emerging economies were adversely affected by the intensity and severity of the resulting financial shock spillovers. Despite the fact that these economies had accumulated a s ubstantial amount of foreign reserves, the shortage of the dollar was a test on the effectiveness of the financial system. The crisis also limited these countries from accessing the international interbank markets in addition to increasing the cost of borrowing foreign currency (dollar). This culminated into a significant decline in these countries rate of economic growth. The second main reason for calls of a new reserve system relates to the Triffin dilemma. Most of the proponents for a new reserve system argue that dependence of a currency of a dominant country as the world’s reserve currency can lead to emergence of the Triffin dilemma (Lee, 2010, p.1). According to Reinert, Rajan, Glass and Davis (2008, p.1143), the most successful developing countries are achieving their success by borrowing financial capital from the international market. The resultant effect is that the lending country experiences a balance of payment deficit. The debt may rise to high levels. This ma y culminate into a decline in the level of confidence on the value of their reserved assets. Katz and Holmes (2008, p.69), are of the opinion that decline in level of confidence means that individuals would not consider the dollar the world’s reserve currency.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the borrowing country continues to accumulate foreign reserves. Currently, there is no system to force the reserve-issuer or the supply country to undertake adjustments so as to fix the imbalance. In turn, this would negatively affect the fixed exchange system culminating into global economic instability (Lee, 2010, p.1). In order to deal with these issues, the International Monetary Fund resolved to introduce a new reserve asset referred to as the Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) in 1969. The main objective was to enhance the fixed exchange regime. ActionAid (2009, p.4), defines SDR to include a form of money which the IMF can develop by crediting accounts of the members. This is done at an exchange rate which is determined by a number of major currencies. The main currencies considered in the SDR include the US dollar, Japanese yen, the euro and the pound sterling. SDR is determined b y calculating the average of the four major currencies using a weighted formula w hich is re-evaluated after 5 years to ensure relevance of the currencies (ActionAid, 2009, p.4). The aim of the SDRs is to improve international liquidity. In November 2010, the IMF decided to review the SDR by adjusting the weights of the respective currencies on the bases f the volume of exports and amount of reserves which are denominated by the currency held by member countries (International Monetary Fund, 2011, para. 7). According to Reinert Rajan, Glass and Davis (2008, p.1020), this new international currency system will enable countries to attain diversification in their reserve holdings. In addition, it is possible to hold SDR at a relatively low cost compared to holding major currencies. Reference List ActionAid. 2009. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and the global reserve system. Web. Carbaugh, R., 2009. International economics. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Chu, D., 2010. Chinese Yuan versus the US dollar : in the case of global reserve  currency. Web. Ep stein, G., 1993. Creating a new world economy: forces of change and plans for  action. Philadelphia: Temple University. Hill, C., 2009. Global business today. New York: McGraw-Hill. International Monetary Fund. 1996. Annual report. New York: International Monetary Fund. International Monetary Fund. 2011. Poverty reduction and growth facility. Web. Katz, J. Holmes, F., 2008. The goldwatcher: demystifying gold investing. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Lee, J.W., 2010. Will the renminbi emerge as an international reserve currency? Web. Reinert, K., Rajan, R., Glass, A. Davis, L., 2008. The Princeton encyclopedia of the  world economy. New York: Princeton. Robinson, J., 2009. Bankruptcy of our nation: 12 key strategies for protecting your  finances in these uncertain times. Green Forest, AR: New Leaf Press.